一、課文背景知識
在(zai)社會發展(zhan)進(jin)程中，農業(ye)(ye)經歷(li)了原始農業(ye)(ye)( primitive agriculture )、傳統農業(ye)(ye)( traditional agriculture )和(he)現(xian)代農業(ye)(ye)( modern agriculture )三個發展(zhan)階段。
19世紀40年代到20世紀初，是全(quan)世界傳(chuan)統農業(ye)(ye)向(xiang)現代農業(ye)(ye)的過(guo)渡時期(qi);而從20世紀初期(qi)到50年代，是現代農業(ye)(ye)的確(que)立時期(qi)。
現代(dai)農(nong)業有(you)四個(ge)重(zhong)大(da)特(te)點：一(yi)是生物科學(xue)的(de)發展和(he)(he)雜(za)交(jiao)優勢(shi)理論的(de)應用(yong)使人類(lei)能夠(gou)通過育(yu)種(zhong)(zhong)手段，選(xuan)擇和(he)(he)要(yao)培育(yu)出品(pin)類(lei)繁多、高(gao)產優質的(de)農(nong)作物和(he)(he)禽(qin)新(xin)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)，擺(bai)脫(tuo)了(le)(le)對天然(ran)品(pin)種(zhong)(zhong)的(de)依賴。二是化(hua)學(xue)肥料和(he)(he)農(nong)藥(yao)的(de)發明(ming)和(he)(he)生產，建立了(le)(le)農(nong)用(yong)化(hua)學(xue)工業，提(ti)供(gong)了(le)(le)農(nong)作物所需(xu)養分和(he)(he)減輕了(le)(le)病(bing)蟲草(cao)的(de)危害。三是蒸(zheng)氣機(ji)(ji)的(de)發明(ming)，促進了(le)(le)機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)和(he)(he)半機(ji)(ji)械(xie)化(hua)農(nong)具的(de)廣泛應用(yong)，以現代(dai)工業技術(shu)和(he)(he)設備(bei)武裝農(nong)業，實行區(qu)域(yu)布(bu)局、專業化(hua)生產，集約化(hua)經(jing)營，顯(xian)著提(ti)高(gao)勞動生產率和(he)(he)土地利(li)用(yong)率。四是這四大(da)類(lei)技術(shu)的(de)交(jiao)織和(he)(he)綜合，為(wei)農(nong)業生產開(kai)創了(le)(le)一(yi)個(ge)新(xin)紀元，使農(nong)作物和(he)(he)蓄禽(qin)產品(pin)大(da)幅度增(zeng)長。
大約在(zai)200年(nian)間，農民(min)(min)(min)基本(ben)上采用傳統耕耘方式，農作(zuo)物產(chan)(chan)量很低，差不多每100個(ge)農民(min)(min)(min)一年(nian)的辛勤勞作(zuo)進能養活(huo)兩個(ge)居(ju)民(min)(min)(min);現在(zai)一個(ge)高(gao)效率的農民(min)(min)(min)一年(nian)勞作(zuo)可以(yi)生產(chan)(chan)6萬(wan)~10萬(wan)千克糧(liang)(liang)食，3000~4000千克肉食，足可以(yi)養活(huo)200~300個(ge)居(ju)民(min)(min)(min)。過去一個(ge)農民(min)(min)(min)生產(chan)(chan)100千克糧(liang)(liang)食需要1-2天的勞動(dong)，而現在(zai)只需要幾(ji)秒(miao)鐘就足夠(gou)了(le)。
現代農(nong)業(ye)的核心是(shi)(shi)科(ke)學化(hua)，特征是(shi)(shi)商品化(hua)，方向是(shi)(shi)集約化(hua)，目(mu)標是(shi)(shi)產業(ye)化(hua)。
現代農(nong)業(ye)是與生態農(nong)業(ye)( eco-agriculture )，旅游觀光(guang)農(nong)業(ye)( sight-seeing agriculture )，綠色食品(green food )，無公害蔬菜(cai)( healthy vegetables )，以及可持續(xu)發展( sustainable development )息息相關的(de)。
二、疑難解析
1. It is on this arable land that the famers produce food for the whole population of China.
農民(min)們正是在(zai)這些(xie)可耕(geng)地(di)上為全(quan)國人民(min)生(sheng)產各(ge)種糧食。
[問]如何理解這個句子結構?
[答]這是個(ge)(ge)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)句(ju)(ju)，，其結構為：It is (was)+被(bei)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)部分+that/who-從(cong)句(ju)(ju)，被(bei)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)部分可以(yi)是句(ju)(ju)子的主語(yu)、賓(bin)語(yu)、狀語(yu)等(deng)，如(ru)果被(bei)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)部分是物，從(cong)句(ju)(ju)用that引(yin)導，如(ru)果指人，則可用that或who來引(yin)導從(cong)句(ju)(ju)。課文第三(san)段還有(you)一個(ge)(ge)強(qiang)(qiang)調(diao)句(ju)(ju)。又如(ru)：
It was they who (that)helped me in the street this morning. 今天(tian)上午(wu)就是他們在(zai)街上幫了我。
It was this morning that they helped me in the street. 他們是今(jin)天上午在(zai)街上幫我的。
Who was it that taught them French yesterday? 昨(zuo)天教他們法(fa)語(yu)的是誰?
What was it that the new teacher taught them yesterday? 昨天新老師教他們的是 什么(me)?
2. To make as much use of the land as possible. two or more crops are planted each year where possible. 為了更充分地(di)利用土(tu)地(di)資源，在可能種植兩種或兩種以上作(zuo)物的(de)地(di)方種植不同的(de)作(zuo)物。
[問]不(bu)定式短(duan)語(yu)為(wei)什么放在(zai)句首?怎樣理解as possible 和where possible?
[答]不(bu)定式(shi)作目(mu)的狀語可(ke)位于(yu)句首，起強(qiang)調作用(yong)，此外i norder to 和so as to 都可(ke)引導(dao)目(mu)的狀語，但so as to 不(bu)能(neng)位于(yu)句首。如：
(In order )to pass the exams, he did his lessons till late at night.
為了通過考試，他復(fu)習功課(ke)直到深夜(ye)。
此句可改為：He did his lessons till late at night so as to pass the exam. 句中的(de)make use of 是一個短語，意為：“利用(yong)、使用(yong)”，如：
We should make full use of time in our study. 我們(men)在學習中應充(chong)分(fen)利用時(shi)間。
It is very important for us to make good use of water. 好(hao)好(hao)利用水資源是很(hen)重(zhong)要(yao)的(de)。
句(ju)中的as much ... as possible 意為：“盡可能多(duo)地……”， much 后接不(bu)可數(shu)名(ming)詞(ci)，若為可數(shu)名(ming)詞(ci)，則用many來修飾。又如(ru)：
Please give him as muvh help as possible. 請盡可能多地買了書。
句(ju)(ju)中的where possible 是一種省略形式(shi)，在句(ju)(ju)中作地點狀語，相(xiang)當于where it is possible ，連詞(ci)if，when， while， until等都可(ke)用(yong)于這種省略句(ju)(ju)。例如：
I will pay you a visit when (I am)free. 我有空時會來看(kan)你的。
Tell the manager immediately about it if (it is )necessary. 如有必要(yao)，迅(xun)速(su)把這事兒告訴經理。
3. This saves time and allows famers to grow an extra crop in each season. 這就節約了(le)時間(jian)允許(xu)農民(min)可以在每個季(ji)節里種植一種額外的作物。
[問]allow 和let的(de)含(han)義(yi)和用法有(you)什么(me)不同?
[答]二者均(jun)可作“允許(xu)”解，但各有側重(zhong);allow重(zhong)在“允許(xu)”或(huo)“容許(xu)”，也可表示客氣的請求(qiu)，常用于allow sb. to do sth. 或(huo)allow doing sth. 結構中(zhong)。例如：
He allowed me to take his dictionary. 他允許(xu)我(wo)拿(na)走他的(de)詞典。
Will you allow me to use your bike?我可以用你的(de)自行車嗎?
We don't allow smoking here. 我們不允許(xu)在這兒抽煙。
而let作(zuo)“允許”或(huo)“讓”解，主要用(yong)于(yu)口語，一(yi)般可與allow互換。作(zuo)“允許”解時，常暗含“聽任”“默許”之意。注意： let之后(hou)作(zuo)賓(bin)補的不(bu)(bu)定(ding)式不(bu)(bu)帶(dai)to， 且不(bu)(bu)可用(yong)于(yu)被動(dong)語態(tai)，而allow則相反。例如;
Please let me walk with you (=Please allow me to walk with you. ) 我(請(qing)允許(xu)我)跟(gen)你一起走(zou)。
4. It is from the early 1990s that scientists started to develop new techniques to increase agricultural production without harming the environment. 科學家開(kai)始發(fa)展研究既提高農業產量又不破壞環(huan)境的新技術是在(zai)二十(shi)世紀九十(shi)年代。
[問]該句(ju)中develop是什么意思?介(jie)詞without有(you)什么用途(tu)?
[答(da)]develop 意為：發展(zhan)，發達，發揚，發育，進步，逐步生(sheng)長(chang)，逐步顯(xian)示(shi)出來”等(deng)。如：
Plants develop from seeds. 植物由(you)種子(zi)發育而成。
Several industries are developing in this area. 幾(ji)種工業正(zheng)在這個地區發展。
Some children develop more slowly than others. 有的兒(er)童比其他的兒(er)童發育得慢。
Fresh air and exercise develop healthy bodies. 新鮮空氣和運動能使身體健(jian)康(kang)。
He developed the photo graphs which he had taken. 他沖(chong)洗了他拍攝的膠卷。
developing 意為：“發(fa)(fa)展中的”， developed意為“發(fa)(fa)達的”，如：
China is a developin country while Japan is a developed one. 中(zhong)國是(shi)個發展中(zhong)的國家(jia)， 而日本是(shi)個發達的國家(jia)。
介詞without 表(biao)示“不，沒(mei)有”， 后(hou)接名詞、代詞或-ing形式(shi)，在句中用做狀語、表(biao)語或定(ding)語，如：
She day passed without seeing me. 她從我身(shen)邊走過而(er)沒有看見(jian)我。
They never meet withour quarreling. 他們一見面就要吵(chao)嘴。
Future agriculture should depend on high technology as well as traditonal methods. 未來的(de)農業將依靠高科(ke)技和傳(chuan)統的(de)方法。
[問(wen)]as well 和as well as有什么不同?
as well意為(wei)： “還(huan);也”， 相當(dang)于too， 通常(chang)位于句末。 如：
He gave me advice, and money as well. 他給我(wo)忠告，也給我(wo)錢。
She went there as well. 她也去了(le)那兒。
as well as 與(yu)as well 同意，但常用來連(lian)接兩個(ge)并列成分(fen)(fen)，可(ke)譯為：“除(chu)……之外(wai);和”。強(qiang)調的重點在第(di)(di)一個(ge)成分(fen)(fen)。 如果連(lian)接的兩個(ge)并了成分(fen)(fen)作主語，謂語動(dong)詞的數和第(di)(di)一個(ge)成分(fen)(fen)一致。 如：
He gave me money as well as advice. 她(ta)除了給我忠告(gao)外(wai)，還給我錢。
You as well as I are right. 我是對的，你也是對的。
5. Not only food production is important but also taking care of the environment. 不僅食物生產很重要(yao)，保護好(hao)環境也同樣重要(yao)。
[問]怎(zen)樣理解這個句(ju)子結構?
[答]此句相(xiang)當于(yu)：Not only food production but also taking care of the environment is important. 并列連詞not only ...but also...意(yi)為：“不僅……，而(er)且……”，連接兩個并列的(de)主語food production 和taking care of the environment.
not only... but also ...也可(ke)連(lian)接兩個并(bing)列(lie)的(de)(de)謂語(yu)(yu)、賓語(yu)(yu)、表語(yu)(yu)、狀語(yu)(yu)等，還可(ke)連(lian)接兩個并(bing)列(lie)的(de)(de)句子，所強調的(de)(de)重點是后面的(de)(de)一個。有時可(ke)省略also。又如：
She not only sings well but (also)dances beautifully. 她(ta)不但(dan)歌(ge)唱得好，而且舞也跳得很優美。
He was not only a successful writer but (also)the greatest poet of his time.他不但是一位成功的(de)作(zuo)家，而(er)且 他啊那(nei)個(ge)時代偉(wei)大的(de)詩(shi)人。
He is famous not only in China but in the whole world. 他不僅譽滿中國(guo)，而且譽滿全(quan)世界。
當not only ...but also...連(lian)接(jie)兩個(ge)主語時，謂(wei)語動詞(ci)應采取“就近一致”的(de)原則，與后(hou)面哪個(ge)主語保持人稱和數的(de)一致。如：
Not only the students but also the teacher is pleased. 不僅同學(xue)們高興(xing)，老師也高興(xing)。
Not only he but also you are going there. 不僅他，而且你也要(yao)去那兒(er)。
【同步練習題】
1.The biggest problem of Chinese farmers is _____.
A.the shortage of arable land B.lack of labor force
C.lack of technology D.lack of money
【答案】 A
2.Scientists have started to develop new technology to increase agricultural production without harming the environment since _____.
A.the 19th century B.modern times
C.the early 1990s D.the 1980s
【答案】 C
3.New techniques are those which can _____.
A.increase agricultural production
B.protect the environment from being harmed
C.bring in great profit
D.not only increase agriculture production but also be friendly to the environment
【答案】 D
4.Which of the following is true according to the passage?
A.Jia Sixie was the earliest agricultural scientist.
B.The knowledge in Qi Min Yao Shu is not useful for farmers today.
C.Jia Sixie's book is a practical guide to farming.
D.Jia Sixie's book deals with only farming.
【答案】 C
5.Jia Sixie's book includes advice on the following subjects except _____.
A.making wine B.keeping cows,sheep and fish
C.growing vegetables and trees D.making food
【答案】 D
6.The best harvest is reached when _____.
A.farmers change the crops in their fields
B.farmers plough the soil deeper
C.farmers sow seed at the correct time of the year
D.much fertilizer is put into the fields
【答案】 A
7.Passage 1 mainly tells us about _____.
A.farmers in China B.the development of agriculture in China
C.advanced technology in China D.genetically modified plants in China
【答案】 B
8.Passage 2 is mainly about _____.
A.farming in China B.gardening in China
C.the history of agriculture in China D.Jia Sixie and his Qi Min Yao Shu
【答案】 D
9.Which of the following is most probable in future agriculture according to Text 1?
A.Only high technology is used.
B.It will greatly harm the environment.
C.It will depend on only traditional methods.
D.It will depend on both high technology and traditional methods.
【答案】 D
10.From Text 2 we can see that _____.
A.traditional methods are still of great use B.traditional methods should be given up
C.traditional methods are of no use D.traditional methods are out of date
【答案】 A
