2020年研究生入學(xue)統一考(kao)試試題(英(ying)語二)
Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)
Text 1
Rats and other animals need to be highly at tuned to social signals from others so that can identify friends to cooperate with and enemies to avoid. To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals form robotic rats.
They housed eight adult rats with two types of robotic rat- one social and one asocial一for 5 our days. The robots rats were quite minimalist, resembling a chunkier version of a computer mouse with wheels-to move around and colorful markings.
During the experiment, the social robot rat followed the living rats around, played with the same toys, and opened caged doors to let trapped rats escape. Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side
Next, the researchers trapped the robots in cages and gave the rats the opportunity to release them by pressing a lever.
Across 18 trials each, the living rats were 52 percent more likely on average to set the social robot free than the asocial one. This suggests that the rats perceived the social robot as a genuine social being. They may have bonded more with the social robot because it displayed behaviours like communal exploring and playing. This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn.
The readiness of the rats to befriend the social robot was surprising given its minimal design. The robot was the same size as a regular rat but resembled a simple plastic box on wheels.“We' d assumed we' d have to give it a moving head and tail, facial features, and put a scene on it to make it smell like a real rat, but that wasn’t necessary, ”says Janet Wiles at the University of Queensland in Australia, who helped with the research.
The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots. Similarly, children tend to treat robots as if they are fellow beings, even when they display only simple social signals.“ We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too,”says Wiles.
21. Quin and her colleagues conducted a test to see if rats can________
[A] pickup social signals from non-living rats
[B] distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one
[C] attain sociable traits through special training
[D] send out warning messages to their fellow
22. What did the social robot do during the experiment?
[A] It followed the social robot.
[B]It played with some toys.
[C] It set the trapped rats free.
[D]It moved around alone.
23. According to Quinn, the rats released the social robot because they________
[A] tried to practice a means of escape
[B] expected it to do the same in return
[C] wanted to display their intelligence
[D]considered that an interesting game
24. James Wiles notes that rats________
[A]can remember other rat's facial features
[B] differentiate smells better than sizes
[C] respond more to cations than to looks
[D]can be scared by a plastic box on wheels
25. It can be learned from the text that rats________
[A]appear to be adaptable to new surroundings
[B] are more socially active than other animals
C] behave differently from children in socializing
[D]are more sensitive to social cues than expected
答案解析
21. 【答案】A pick up social signals from non-living rats
解(jie)析：本題目(mu)為細節題，考(kao)察具(ju)體細節。根據題干(gan)關鍵詞Quinn and her colleagues和(he)a test定位到(dao)(dao)(dao)第(di)(di)一段第(di)(di)二句。To find out if this extends to non-living beings, Loleh Quinn at the University of California, San Diego, and her colleagues tested whether rats can detect social signals from robotic rats. 為了(le)(le)查明這是否(fou)延伸到(dao)(dao)(dao)了(le)(le)非生(sheng)(sheng)物，Quinn和(he)她(ta)的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)事測試了(le)(le)老鼠(shu)能(neng)否(fou)從機器老鼠(shu)身上(shang)探測到(dao)(dao)(dao)社(she)會信號。正確(que)答案A是原文(wen)的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)義(yi)替換(huan)。選項(xiang)B的(de)(de)distinguish a friendly rat from a hostile one區分友(you)好的(de)(de)老鼠(shu)和(he)敵對的(de)(de)老鼠(shu)，并未提(ti)(ti)及，是常識性干(gan)擾。選項(xiang)C的(de)(de)attain sociable traits through special training通過(guo)特殊訓練獲(huo)得(de)社(she)交品質，原文(wen)并未提(ti)(ti)及，屬于(yu)無中生(sheng)(sheng)有。選項(xiang)D的(de)(de)send out warning messages to their fellow向它們的(de)(de)同(tong)(tong)伴(ban)發出警告信息，原文(wen)并未提(ti)(ti)及，屬于(yu)無中生(sheng)(sheng)有。
22.【答案】D It moved around alone.
解析：本題目為細節(jie)題，考察具體細節(jie)。根據(ju)題干(gan)關(guan)鍵詞the asocial robot和experiment定位到(dao)第三段最后一(yi)句(ju)Meanwhile, the asocial robot simply moved forwards and backwards and side to side.同時，不(bu)具有社(she)(she)交(jiao)(jiao)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)機器(qi)人(ren)只能(neng)進行簡(jian)單的(de)(de)前后左(zuo)右移(yi)動。正確答案D It moved around alone.是原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)的(de)(de)同義替(ti)換。選(xuan)(xuan)項(xiang)A的(de)(de)It followed the social robot.它(ta)跟(gen)(gen)隨具備(bei)(bei)(bei)社(she)(she)交(jiao)(jiao)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)老(lao)鼠(shu)，與原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)the social robot rat followed the living rats around不(bu)符(fu)(fu)，原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)說(shuo)的(de)(de)是具備(bei)(bei)(bei)社(she)(she)交(jiao)(jiao)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)老(lao)鼠(shu)跟(gen)(gen)隨真老(lao)鼠(shu)，屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)張冠李(li)戴。選(xuan)(xuan)項(xiang)B的(de)(de)It played with some toys.它(ta)玩一(yi)些玩具，與原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)不(bu)符(fu)(fu)，原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)中(zhong)說(shuo)的(de)(de)是具備(bei)(bei)(bei)社(she)(she)交(jiao)(jiao)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)老(lao)鼠(shu)玩同樣的(de)(de)玩具，屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)張冠李(li)戴。選(xuan)(xuan)項(xiang)C的(de)(de)It set the trapped rats free.它(ta)釋放了被(bei)困的(de)(de)老(lao)鼠(shu)也與原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)內容(rong)不(bu)符(fu)(fu)，原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)(wen)說(shuo)的(de)(de)同樣是具備(bei)(bei)(bei)社(she)(she)交(jiao)(jiao)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)老(lao)鼠(shu)，而(er)題干(gan)問(wen)的(de)(de)是不(bu)具備(bei)(bei)(bei)社(she)(she)交(jiao)(jiao)能(neng)力(li)的(de)(de)老(lao)鼠(shu)在實(shi)驗(yan)中(zhong)做了什么，屬(shu)(shu)于(yu)張冠李(li)戴。
23.【答案】B expected it to do the same in return
解析(xi)：本(ben)題目為細節題，考察具體(ti)細節。根據題干關鍵(jian)詞Quinn和the rats released the social robots往(wang)下(xia)定位到第四五段，第五段最后(hou)一(yi)句This could lead to the rats better remembering having freed it earlier, and wanting the robot to return the favour when they get trapped, says Quinn. Quinn說(shuo)：這可能(neng)會讓老(lao)鼠更好地(di)記住早些(xie)時候(hou)已經釋放(fang)了(le)機(ji)器人(ren)，并(bing)希望機(ji)器人(ren)在它(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)被困住時能(neng)回報它(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)恩惠。正確答案B expected it to do the same in return是(shi)原文(wen)的(de)(de)同義替換(huan)。干擾項A的(de)(de) tried to practice a means of escape試圖嘗試一(yi)種逃(tao)跑(pao)的(de)(de)方法，原文(wen)并(bing)未提及，屬(shu)(shu)于無(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)生有。選項C的(de)(de) wanted to display their intelligence想要展示它(ta)(ta)們(men)(men)的(de)(de)智慧，文(wen)中(zhong)(zhong)并(bing)未提到，屬(shu)(shu)于無(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)生有。選項D的(de)(de)considered that an interesting game覺得是(shi)個有趣的(de)(de)游戲(xi)在原文(wen)當中(zhong)(zhong)也沒有體(ti)現，屬(shu)(shu)于無(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)生有。
24.【答案】C respond more to actions than to looks
解析(xi)：本(ben)題目(mu)為細節題，考(kao)察(cha)具體(ti)細節。根據題干關鍵詞(ci)James Wiles定位到第(di)六七段(duan)(duan)，尾段(duan)(duan)尾句We humans seem to be fascinated by robots, and it turns out other animals are too, says Wiles. Wiles說(shuo)：“我們人類似乎對(dui)機(ji)器人很著迷(mi)，事實證(zheng)明(ming)其他(ta)動物(wu)也很著迷(mi)。”再結合(he)尾段(duan)(duan)前面部(bu)(bu)分的(de)闡(chan)述，會(hui)發現正確答案C respond more to actions than to looks對(dui)行動的(de)反應多于對(dui)外表(biao)的(de)反應，是(shi)原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)的(de)類似表(biao)達(da)。干擾項(xiang)(xiang)A的(de)can remember other rat's facial features能夠(gou)記住其他(ta)老鼠(shu)(shu)的(de)面部(bu)(bu)特征(zheng)，與(yu)(yu)(yu)原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)內容不(bu)(bu)符，原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)第(di)六段(duan)(duan)說(shuo)的(de)是(shi)假(jia)設(she)賦(fu)予(yu)機(ji)器老鼠(shu)(shu)面部(bu)(bu)特征(zheng)，那都不(bu)(bu)重(zhong)要，屬于偷換概(gai)念。選項(xiang)(xiang)B的(de)differentiate smells better than sizes與(yu)(yu)(yu)體(ti)型大小相比，能夠(gou)更(geng)好地區分氣味，原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)只提到賦(fu)予(yu)機(ji)器老鼠(shu)(shu)真老鼠(shu)(shu)的(de)氣味，與(yu)(yu)(yu)原(yuan)(yuan)文(wen)(wen)不(bu)(bu)符，屬于偷換概(gai)念。選項(xiang)(xiang)D的(de)can be scared by a plastic box on wheels會(hui)被裝(zhuang)(zhuang)有輪(lun)子(zi)(zi)的(de)塑料盒子(zi)(zi)嚇壞，文(wen)(wen)中(zhong)機(ji)器老鼠(shu)(shu)只是(shi)裝(zhuang)(zhuang)有輪(lun)子(zi)(zi)的(de)塑料盒子(zi)(zi)，還(huan)是(shi)屬于偷換概(gai)念。
25.【答(da)案】D are more sensitive to social cues than expected
解析：本題目(mu)為推斷題，考察基于(yu)全文主旨(zhi)進行推斷。題干并(bing)(bing)沒(mei)有具(ju)體關鍵詞，因此需要(yao)通(tong)過選項回到(dao)文中(zhong)(zhong)逐一(yi)對(dui)應。正確答案D are more sensitive to social cues than expected對(dui)社(she)交線索比預(yu)期更敏(min)(min)感，與(yu)(yu)原(yuan)(yuan)文尾段首(shou)句The finding shows how sensitive rats are to social cues, even when they come from basic robots.(這一(yi)發現顯示了(le)老鼠(shu)對(dui)社(she)交暗示的(de)(de)(de)敏(min)(min)感程度，即(ji)使是(shi)(shi)(shi)來自基本機器老鼠(shu)的(de)(de)(de)社(she)交暗示)屬于(yu)類(lei)似表(biao)達。選項A的(de)(de)(de)appear to be adaptable to new surroundings似乎能適應新環(huan)境(jing)，在(zai)文中(zhong)(zhong)并(bing)(bing)未提(ti)及，屬于(yu)無(wu)中(zhong)(zhong)生有。選項B的(de)(de)(de)are more socially active than other animals比其他(ta)動物(wu)更活躍，文中(zhong)(zhong)只提(ti)到(dao)其他(ta)動物(wu)也一(yi)樣(yang)會對(dui)機器人著迷，屬于(yu)偷(tou)換概念。干擾項C的(de)(de)(de)behave differently from children in socializing在(zai)社(she)交活動中(zhong)(zhong)表(biao)現得與(yu)(yu)孩(hai)子不同，與(yu)(yu)原(yuan)(yuan)文內容相反，原(yuan)(yuan)文內容指(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)孩(hai)子們傾向于(yu)把機器人當作人來對(dui)待，即(ji)使他(ta)們只顯示簡單的(de)(de)(de)社(she)會信(xin)號。這一(yi)點與(yu)(yu)老鼠(shu)是(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)，屬于(yu)正反混淆。
