Unit1 Great scientists
【重點詞匯、短語】
1. put forward 提出
2. conclude 結(jie)束(shu),結(jie)論
3. draw a conclusion 得出結論(lun)
4. defeat 打敗(bai)
5. attend 照顧,護理,出(chu)席
6. expose to 使顯露
7. cure 治(zhi)愈,治(zhi)療
8. challenge 挑(tiao)戰
9. suspect 懷疑(yi),被懷疑(yi)者
10. blame 責備(bei)
11. handle 柄,把手,處理,掌控
12. link 聯(lian)系,連接
13. link to 將(jiang)…和…連(lian)接
14. announce 宣布
15. contribute 捐獻(xian),貢獻(xian)
16. apart from 除了
17. be strict with 對…嚴格
18. make sense 講的通,有意義
19. spin 使旋轉
20. reject 拒絕,拋(pao)棄
【重點句型】
1. What do you know about infectious diseases?
你對傳染性(xing)疾病了解多少?
2. John Snow was a famous doctor in London – so expert, indeed, that he attended Queen Victoria as her personal physician.
約翰·*是(shi)倫敦一位的醫生——他的確醫術精湛,因而成為維(wei)多利(li)亞女王(wang)的私*夫。
3. But he became inspired when he thought about helping ordinary people exposed to cholera.
但(dan)當他一想(xiang)到要幫助患了(le)霍亂的普(pu)通老百姓,他就(jiu)感到很振奮。
4. Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood.
人們(men)既不(bu)知道它(ta)的病(bing)源,也不(bu)了解它(ta)的治(zhi)療方法。
5. He knew that cholera would never be controlled until its cause was found.
他知道,在找到(dao)病源之前(qian),霍亂疫情是(shi)無法控制的(de)。
6. The second suggested that people absorbed this disease into their bodies with their meals.
第(di)二種看法是在吃飯的(de)時候(hou)人們(men)把這種病毒(du)引入體內的(de)。
7. John Snow suspected that the second theory was correct but he needed evidence.
約翰·*猜想第(di)二個(ge)理論是正確的,但(dan)他需要證據(ju)。
8. It seemed that the water was to blame.
看來要歸罪于飲用水了。
9. He immediately told the astonished people in Broad Street to remove the handle from the pump so that it could not be used.
約翰·*馬上(shang)叫(jiao)寬街上(shang)驚(jing)惶(huang)失措(cuo)的(de)老(lao)百姓(xing)拆掉水泵(beng)的(de)把(ba)手,這樣水泵(beng)就用不(bu)成了(le)。
10. In another part of London, he found supporting evidence from two other deaths that were linked to the Broad Street outbreak.
在倫(lun)敦的(de)另一(yi)個(ge)地區,他從兩個(ge)與寬街爆發的(de)霍亂有關(guan)聯的(de)死亡病例中又發現了有力證據。
【語法總結】
過去分詞作(zuo)定語和(he)表語
一. 過去分(fen)詞作表語
作表(biao)語用的過去(qu)分(fen)詞(ci)表(biao)示主語的特點或所處的狀(zhuang)態,相當于形容(rong)詞(ci),強調(diao)主謂關系;被動(dong)語態表(biao)示動(dong)作,強調(diao)動(dong)賓關系,絕大多(duo)數被動(dong)結構中的行為執(zhi)行者還可以用by短語來表(biao)示。
1. 過去分詞做(zuo)表語(yu)與被動語(yu)態的差(cha)異:
The store is now closed.(系(xi)表)
The library is usually closed at 8:00 p.m. (被動)
2. 某(mou)些(xie)過去分詞作表語(yu),多半(ban)用來表示人(ren)物所處的(de)心理狀態或情感變化, 其主語(yu)主要是人(ren)。
這類過去分詞(ci)通常為下(xia)列過去分詞(ci): delighted, devoted, discouraged , astonished, frightened, excited, inspired, encouraged, interested, contented, pleased, puzzled, satisfied, tired, worried, ect .
二. 過去分詞(ci)作定(ding)語
作(zuo)定(ding)語的(de)(de)過(guo)去(qu)分(fen)詞(ci)相(xiang)當于形容詞(ci),其邏輯主語就是(shi)它所修飾的(de)(de)名詞(ci)。及(ji)物(wu)動(dong)詞(ci)的(de)(de)過(guo)去(qu)分(fen)詞(ci)作(zuo)定(ding)語,既(ji)表被動(dong)又表完(wan)成(cheng);不及(ji)物(wu)動(dong)詞(ci)的(de)(de)過(guo)去(qu)分(fen)詞(ci)作(zuo)定(ding)語,只(zhi)表完(wan)成(cheng)。
1. 過去分詞(ci)用作定語(yu),如果是單個的,置于其(qi)所修飾(shi)的名詞(ci)之(zhi)前。
We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.
我(wo)們必須(xu)使我(wo)們的思想適應改(gai)變了的情況。
2. 過去分詞短語(yu)用作(zuo)定語(yu)時,置(zhi)于(yu)其所修飾(shi)的名詞之后,其意義相當于(yu)一個定語(yu)從(cong)句(ju),但較從(cong)句(ju)簡潔,多用于(yu)書面語(yu)中。
The concert given by their friends was a success.
他們朋友(you)舉行的(de)音樂會大為成功。
3. 過去分詞短語有時(shi)也可用作非限(xian)制性定語,前后(hou)常有逗號。
The meeting,attended by over five thousand people,welcomed the great hero.
他們舉行了歡迎英雄的(de)大會,到(dao)會的(de)有五千多人(ren)。
Unit2 The United Kingdom
【重點詞匯、短語】
1. consist 組成(cheng),在于,一(yi)致
2. consist of 由(you)…組成(cheng)
3. divide…into 把…分成
4. break away from 脫離
5. to one’s credit 在(zai)…的名(ming)下,為(wei)…帶來榮譽
6. attract 吸引(yin),引(yin)起注意
7. leave out 省去,遺漏,不(bu)考慮
8. plus 加上(shang),和,正(zheng)的
9. take the place of 代(dai)替(ti)
10. break down 損壞(huai),破壞(huai)
11. arrange 安(an)排
12. fold 折(zhe)疊,對(dui)折(zhe)
13. delight 快樂,高興,喜悅
【重點句型】
1. How many countries does the UK consist of?
聯合王(wang)國(guo)由(you)幾(ji)個國(guo)家組成?
2. You can easily clarify this question if you study British history.
如果你學習了(le)英(ying)國歷史(shi),很(hen)容易就能(neng)弄清(qing)楚這個問題。
3. Happily this was accomplished without conflict when King James of Scotland became King of England and Wales as well.
令(ling)人高興的是,這件事沒(mei)有(you)引起(qi)沖突就完成了(le),那時候(hou)蘇(su)格(ge)蘭的詹姆斯(si)國王(wang)也成為了(le)英格(ge)蘭和(he)威爾(er)士的國王(wang)。
4. However, the southern part of Ireland was unwilling and broke away to form its own government.
然而(er),愛爾蘭的南部卻不愿意而(er)分離出去(qu)了,并建立了自己的政府。
5. To their credit the four countries do work together in some areas.
值得(de)表揚(yang)的是,這四(si)個國家的確在(zai)一些方面共同合作。
6. England is the largest of the four countries, and for convenience it is divided roughly into three zones.
在(zai)這四個國家(jia)中,英格蘭(lan)大(da),為(wei)了方便起見,它大(da)致被分(fen)為(wei)了三個地區。
7. You must keep your eyes open if you are going to make your trip to the United Kingdom enjoyable and worthwhile.
如果(guo)你想要使(shi)你的英國之旅愉快又有意義,你就必須留心(xin)觀(guan)察。
8. Worried about the time available, Zhang Pingyu had made a list of the sites she wanted to see in London.
由(you)于擔心時間不夠(gou),張萍玉早就把她想在倫(lun)敦參觀的地點(dian)列(lie)了(le)一(yi)張單子(zi)。
9. It looked splendid when first built.
剛(gang)建成的時候,它看起來(lai)真是金碧(bi)輝煌。
10. What interested her most was the longitude line.
她感興(xing)趣的是那(nei)條(tiao)經(jing)線。
【語法總結】
過去分詞作賓補
過去分詞(ci)作(zuo)賓(bin)語補足語,說(shuo)明(ming)賓(bin)語的(de)狀態或性質,過去分詞(ci)所(suo)表示的(de)動作(zuo)和賓(bin)語有邏輯上(shang)的(de)動賓(bin)關(guan)系。
一. 能接過去(qu)分詞作賓語補足語的動(dong)詞有三(san)類:
1. 表示感覺或心理狀(zhuang)態(tai)的動(dong)詞,如:see, hear, feel, watch, notice;think(認為), consider, find等。
We saw the thief caught by the police.
我看見(jian)小偷(tou)被警(jing)察抓住了。
We thought the game lost.
我(wo)們(men)認為(wei)球賽輸(shu)了。
2. 表示“致使”或“保持某狀(zhuang)態”意義(yi)的(de)動詞,如(ru):make, get, have, keep, leave等。
Don’t leave such an important thing undone.
不要讓這(zhe)么重要的事沒(mei)有人做。
He had his hat blown away on his way home.
在(zai)回家的路上他的帽子被吹掉了。
3. 表(biao)示“希(xi)望、要求、命令(ling)”等動(dong)詞,如:want, wish, like, expect, order等。
I want the house white-washed before we move in.
我想要房子(zi)在我搬進(jin)去之(zhi)前粉刷完。
He won’t like such questions discussed at the meeting.
他不(bu)喜歡在會(hui)上討論(lun)這(zhe)樣的問題。
二. 'with +賓語+過去分(fen)詞'結構(gou)
'with +賓語(yu)+過去分詞(ci)(ci)'結(jie)構中,過去分詞(ci)(ci)用作介(jie)詞(ci)(ci)with的賓語(yu)補足語(yu)。這(zhe)一結(jie)構通常在(zai)句中作時間(jian),方(fang)式,條件,原因(yin)等狀語(yu)。例如:
1. The murderer was brought in,with his hands tied behind his back.兇手被帶進來了,他的雙手被綁在背后.(表方式)
2. With water heated,we can see the steam.水一被加熱,我們就會看到水蒸氣.(表條件)
3. With the matter settled,we all went home.事情(qing)得到解決,我們都回家了.(表(biao)原因)
Unit3 Life in the Future
【重點詞匯、短語】
1. impression 印象,感想
2. take up 拿起,開始,繼(ji)續(xu)
3. constant 時常發生的(de),連續不斷的(de)
4. previous 在前的(de),早先的(de)
5. guide 指導,向導
6. lack 缺乏,沒有(you)
7. lose sight of 看不見(jian)
8. sweep up 橫(heng)掃
9. slide into 移(yi)動,溜進
10. optimistic 樂(le)觀的
11. speed up 加速
12. desert 沙漠
13. instant 瞬間(jian),片刻
14. settlement 定居,解決
【重點句型】
1. I have to remind myself constantly that I am really in AD 3008.
我(wo)得不斷提醒自己我(wo)真(zhen)的(de)到(dao)公元3008年(nian)了(le)。
2. At first my new surroundings were difficult to tolerate.
開始的(de)時候,新的(de)環(huan)境(jing)讓(rang)我難以忍受。
3. The air seemed thin, as though its combination of gases had little oxygen left.
空(kong)氣似乎(hu)很稀薄,好(hao)像在混合的氣體中剩下(xia)的氧(yang)氣很少。
4. Hit by a lack of fresh air, my head ached.
由于缺乏新鮮空(kong)氣,我感到頭痛。
5. Soon I was back on my feet again and following him to collect a hovering carriage driven by computer.
很快我又重新(xin)振作(zuo)起(qi)來,然后跟隨他領(ling)取了一部由(you)電腦控(kong)制的氣墊車。
6. However, I lost sight of Wang Ping when we reached what looked like a large market because of too many carriages flying by in all directions.
可是,當我(wo)(wo)們到(dao)達一個看上(shang)去像大市場的地方時,由于(yu)太多車(che)子朝四面八方飛奔,我(wo)(wo)看不(bu)見王平了。
7. He was swept up into the center of them.
他被卷入到這(zhe)群車隊中去(qu)了(le)。
8. Arriving at a strange-looking house, he showed me into a large, bright clean room.
到了一(yi)幢看上去很奇怪的(de)房子里,他把(ba)握帶到一(yi)個(ge)明亮而清潔(jie)的(de)大房間。
9. I found later that their leaves provided the room with much-needed oxygen.
后來我(wo)才發現,就是這(zhe)些樹的葉子為這(zhe)棟房屋提(ti)供了急需(xu)的氧氣(qi)。
【語法總結】
過去分詞作狀語
過去分(fen)詞(ci)(ci)短語(yu)(yu)(yu)作(zuo)狀(zhuang)語(yu)(yu)(yu),可表示時間,原因,條件等,可發展為一個(ge)狀(zhuang)語(yu)(yu)(yu)從(cong)句。過去分(fen)詞(ci)(ci)作(zuo)狀(zhuang)語(yu)(yu)(yu)時其邏(luo)輯主語(yu)(yu)(yu)為主句的主語(yu)(yu)(yu)。
過去(qu)分詞作狀語時的具體用(yong)法:
1. 過(guo)去分詞作時(shi)間狀語(yu)相當(dang)于一個(ge)時(shi)間狀語(yu)從句(ju)。例如:
Asked (When he was asked) what had happened, he lowered his head.
當(dang)他被問(wen)問(wen)題的時候(hou),他低下了頭。
2. 過去分(fen)詞(ci)作原(yuan)因狀(zhuang)語相當(dang)于一個原(yuan)因狀(zhuang)語從句。例如:
Frightened (=Because / As she was frightened) by the tiger, the girl didn't dare to sleep alone.
因為害怕老虎(hu), 這個女孩不敢單獨(du)睡覺。
3. 過去(qu)分(fen)詞(ci)作條(tiao)(tiao)件狀(zhuang)語相當(dang)于一個(ge)條(tiao)(tiao)件狀(zhuang)語從句(ju)。例如(ru):
Grown (If these seeds are grown) in rich soil, these seeds can grow fast.
如果(guo)種在肥(fei)沃的土(tu)壤里, 這(zhe)些種子能(neng)長(chang)得很快。
4. 過去分詞作讓步狀語相當于(yu)一個(ge)讓步狀語從句(ju)。例如:
Left (Although he was left) at home, John didn't feel afraid at all.
雖然John被單(dan)獨留在房(fang)間里, 他一點都不害怕。
5. 過去分詞作(zuo)狀(zhuang)語(yu)表示伴隨動(dong)作(zuo)或狀(zhuang)態。例如:
The teacher entered the classroom, (and he was) followed by a group of students.
老師進入教室(shi),后(hou)面跟著一幫學生(sheng)。
Unit4 Making the News
【重點詞匯、短語】
1. delighted 快樂的,欣喜的
2. assist 幫助(zhu)(zhu),協助(zhu)(zhu)
3. process 加(jia)工,處理,過程(cheng),程(cheng)序
4. concentrate on 集中,聚集
5. acquire 獲得,學到
6. assess 評估,評定
7. inform 通知
8. depend on 依(yi)靠
9. accuse… of 控告
10. so as to 為了
11. demand 需求,要求
12. ahead of 在…前面
13. approve 許可,批準
【重點句型】
1. Never will Zhou Yang forget his first assignment at the office of a popular English newspaper.
周陽永遠不會忘記他在一(yi)家知名的英語(yu)報報社第一(yi)天上班的工作任(ren)務(wu)。
2. You’ll find your colleagues very eager to assist you, so you may be able to concentrate on photography later if you’re interested.
你(ni)將(jiang)會發現(xian)你(ni)的同事們會熱情地(di)幫助你(ni),如果你(ni)對攝影感興趣(qu),以后你(ni)可以集中精力去鉆研(yan)。
3. Not only am I interested in photography, but I took an amateur course at university to update my skills.
對攝影我(wo)不只是感興趣,在大(da)學里我(wo)還專(zhuan)修過業余攝影課來更(geng)新我(wo)的技術。
4. Only if you ask many different questions will you acquire all the information you need to know.
只有(you)提很多不同的問題,你(ni)才能收集到(dao)你(ni)需要的信息。
5. They must use research to inform themselves of the missing parts of the story.
他們必須通過調(diao)查研究來獲悉(xi)被遺漏的那(nei)部分情況。
6. Meanwhile you have to prepare the next question depending on what the persons said.
同(tong)時(shi),你還要根據被采(cai)訪(fang)人(ren)所說的話準備提出下(xia)一個(ge)問題。
7. Have you ever had a case where someone accused your journalists of getting the wrong end of the stick?
你(ni)們(men)有(you)沒有(you)過這樣的情況:有(you)人(ren)控告你(ni)的記者,說他們(men)的報道完全(quan)失(shi)實呢?
8. This is how the story goes.
事情是這樣的。
9. He denied taking money but we were sceptical.
他否認收了錢,但(dan)我們對此表示(shi)懷疑。
10. It was a dilemma because the footballer could have demanded damages if we were wrong.
這(zhe)事有些為難(nan),因為如(ru)果我們錯了(le),這(zhe)名足球(qiu)運(yun)動(dong)員(yuan)就(jiu)可以(yi)向我們索要賠償(chang)。
【語(yu)法總(zong)結】倒裝(zhuang)句(點擊(ji)“倒裝(zhuang)句”即(ji)可查(cha)看(kan)全部內容)
Unit5 First aid
【重點詞匯、短語】
1. first aid 急救
2. fall ill 生病
3. poison 毒藥,使中毒
4. electric shock 觸(chu)電(dian),電(dian)休克(ke)
5. swell 使膨脹,隆起(qi)
6. squeeze 榨,擠
7. squeeze out 榨出(chu),擠出(chu)
8. over and over again 反復,多次
9. in place 在適(shi)當的位置
10. pour 倒,灌
11. a number of 許(xu)多
12. put one’s hands on 找到(dao)
13. treat 治療,對待(dai),款待(dai)
14. apply 應用,運用,申請(qing)
15. make a difference 區別(bie)對(dui)待,有影響,起(重(zhong)要)作用
【重點句型】
1. Burns are called first degree, second degree or third degree burns depending on which layers of the skins are burnt.
根據皮膚燒傷的(de)層(ceng)次而有一度(du)燒傷、二度(du)燒傷和三度(du)燒傷。
2. Remove clothing using scissors if necessary unless it is stuck to the burn.
除(chu)非衣服(fu)黏貼(tie)在(zai)燒傷面上(shang),否則如果必須的話就要用剪(jian)刀(dao)把衣物移除(chu)。
3. If burns are on arms or legs, keep them higher than the heart, if possible.
如果(guo)燒傷的部位在臂部或腿部,可(ke)能的話,就要把他們抬高到高于(yu)心臟的位置。
4. …it is vital to get the victim to the doctor or hospital at once.
……立即把(ba)受害者送往醫院或送去看醫生至關(guan)重要(yao)。
5. John was studying in his room when he heard screaming.
約翰正在房里學習,突然聽(ting)到一(yi)聲尖叫。
6. She was lying in her front garden bleeding very heavily.
她躺在前花園的地上,*不(bu)止。
7. He immediately asked a number of nearby people for bandages, …
他立即向旁邊的一(yi)些人(ren)要繃帶(dai),……
8. He slowed the bleeding by applying pressure to the wounds until the police and ambulance arrived.
他使(shi)勁地(di)按住(zhu)傷(shang)口,使(shi)血(xue)流得慢些,一直等到警察和救護車(che)的到來。
8. There is no doubt that Jon’s quick thinking and the first aid skills he learned at school saved Ms Slade’s life.
毫無疑問,是敏(min)捷的(de)思維(wei)和(he)在學校學到的(de)急救技(ji)術,使得(de)斯萊德(de)女士的(de)生命得(de)救了。
9. It shows that a knowledge of first aid can make a real difference. 這說明了急救知識的確能發揮重要的作用。