答：憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)是(shi)對(dui)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)規范以(yi)及憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)實(shi)踐的(de)(de)反映，其作用(yong)主(zhu)要表現在(zai)(zai)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)創(chuang)(chuang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)、憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)實(shi)施和民主(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)等方(fang)面(mian)。具體說來(lai)：(1)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)對(dui)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)創(chuang)(chuang)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)作用(yong)。憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)尤其是(shi)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)權主(zhu)體的(de)(de)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)，是(shi)決定(ding)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)定(ding)什么(me)樣的(de)(de)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)主(zhu)要因(yin)素，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)的(de)(de)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)是(shi)導致(zhi)(zhi)世界(jie)上憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)千(qian)姿百態(tai)的(de)(de)原因(yin)之一(yi)。(2)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)對(dui)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)施的(de)(de)作用(yong)。憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)要發揮作用(yong)就必須(xu)實(shi)施，而憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)施與憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)可(ke)以(yi)相(xiang)互促進(jin)，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)在(zai)(zai)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)施中得到實(shi)現，同(tong)時又在(zai)(zai)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)實(shi)施中不(bu)(bu)斷得到完善和發展(zhan)(zhan)。二者(zhe)的(de)(de)良性(xing)互動可(ke)以(yi)導致(zhi)(zhi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)國(guo)家的(de)(de)實(shi)現，二者(zhe)的(de)(de)惡性(xing)發展(zhan)(zhan)則可(ke)能導致(zhi)(zhi)對(dui)民主(zhu)和****的(de)(de)踐踏。(3)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)對(dui)民主(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)建設(she)的(de)(de)作用(yong)。憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)民主(zhu)事實(shi)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律化的(de)(de)基本形式(shi)，民主(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)發展(zhan)(zhan)過程和憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)完善過程是(shi)一(yi)致(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)。憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)是(shi)聯系民主(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)與憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)度的(de)(de)中介，一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)是(shi)對(dui)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)認知和評價，另(ling)一(yi)方(fang)面(mian)，民主(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)運行必然(ran)與憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)觀(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)念(nian)相(xiang)伴隨。

　　2.簡(jian)述樹(shu)立和(he)增強公(gong)民憲法觀(guan)念的途徑(jing)。

　　答：在我國憲(xian)政(zheng)實(shi)踐(jian)中(zhong)，為了樹立和增強公(gong)民的憲(xian)法觀(guan)念，需要注(zhu)意以(yi)下方面：(1)長期進(jin)行憲(xian)法宣傳教(jiao)育，使(shi)公(gong)民形(xing)成遵(zun)守憲(xian)法和尊重憲(xian)法的觀(guan)念;(2)保(bao)證憲(xian)法的權威性，對憲(xian)法中(zhong)過時的內容及時進(jin)行修改或變更;(3)加強民主政(zheng)治(zhi)建設，使(shi)憲(xian)法觀(guan)念成為一種普遍的法律理念;(4)充分實(shi)施憲(xian)法，使(shi)其真(zhen)正發揮(hui)根本法的作用。

　　3.簡述憲(xian)法文(wen)化(hua)的結構(gou)。

　　答：憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)整(zheng)體(ti)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)構成憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)各(ge)要(yao)(yao)素的(de)(de)(de)(de)有機(ji)結合(he)。構成憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)要(yao)(yao)素主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)包(bao)括(kuo)三個(ge)方面，即憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)知、憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)價和(he)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)。這(zhe)三大要(yao)(yao)素是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)根(gen)據認(ren)(ren)識(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)體(ti)對(dui)(dui)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)識(shi)(shi)(shi)深(shen)(shen)度、認(ren)(ren)識(shi)(shi)(shi)角度而進行的(de)(de)(de)(de)區分，但(dan)同(tong)時(shi)又(you)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)一(yi)個(ge)相(xiang)(xiang)互依存(cun)的(de)(de)(de)(de)統一(yi)整(zheng)體(ti)。(1)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)知，解決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)事實(shi)(shi)判斷問題，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)主(zhu)體(ti)對(dui)(dui)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什(shen)么的(de)(de)(de)(de)回答。它包(bao)括(kuo)認(ren)(ren)識(shi)(shi)(shi)和(he)感(gan)(gan)(gan)知兩(liang)個(ge)層次。憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)認(ren)(ren)知是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們對(dui)(dui)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)性認(ren)(ren)識(shi)(shi)(shi)，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)感(gan)(gan)(gan)知是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們對(dui)(dui)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)經驗型認(ren)(ren)識(shi)(shi)(shi)。(2)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)價，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們對(dui)(dui)各(ge)種(zhong)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)象(xiang)進行價值(zhi)判斷、選(xuan)擇和(he)排(pai)序。它要(yao)(yao)解決(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)應(ying)當是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)什(shen)么的(de)(de)(de)(de)問題。憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)評(ping)價反映(ying)了(le)(le)主(zhu)體(ti)對(dui)(dui)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)認(ren)(ren)識(shi)(shi)(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)價值(zhi)取(qu)向，反映(ying)了(le)(le)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)們對(dui)(dui)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)理(li)解達到了(le)(le)一(yi)個(ge)新的(de)(de)(de)(de)高(gao)度。(3)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)指與(yu)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)現(xian)象(xiang)相(xiang)(xiang)關聯的(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)緒(xu)體(ti)驗，是(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)在認(ren)(ren)識(shi)(shi)(shi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)實(shi)(shi)施憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)中形(xing)成的(de)(de)(de)(de)普遍心理(li)。情(qing)感(gan)(gan)(gan)要(yao)(yao)素在更深(shen)(shen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)層次上影響著個(ge)人(ren)(ren)(ren)(ren)的(de)(de)(de)(de)行為選(xuan)擇和(he)社會的(de)(de)(de)(de)制度選(xuan)擇。

　　4.簡述憲(xian)法(fa)文(wen)化(hua)的類型。

　　答(da)：憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)根據不(bu)同標準可(ke)(ke)以劃(hua)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)同類型(xing)。具體而言(yan)包括以下三種情況(kuang)：(1)以憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)表現形(xing)(xing)式為(wei)(wei)標準，可(ke)(ke)以分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)不(bu)成文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)與成文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。不(bu)成文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)研究對象是不(bu)成文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)，代(dai)(dai)表性(xing)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)主(zhu)要(yao)是英國(guo)(guo)，成文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)又有美國(guo)(guo)型(xing)、法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)國(guo)(guo)型(xing)、德國(guo)(guo)型(xing)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)之分(fen)(fen)。(2)以社(she)會(hui)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)不(bu)同情況(kuang)為(wei)(wei)標準，可(ke)(ke)以分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)內(nei)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)型(xing)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、派生(sheng)型(xing)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)、超越發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)型(xing)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。內(nei)源發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)型(xing)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)是指憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)主(zhu)要(yao)由本(ben)民族(zu)(zu)或本(ben)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)的(de)(de)(de)內(nei)部因(yin)(yin)素(su)、內(nei)部關系(xi)所(suo)決定;派生(sheng)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)型(xing)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)決定因(yin)(yin)素(su)和(he)主(zhu)導因(yin)(yin)素(su)不(bu)是自己產生(sheng)的(de)(de)(de)，當相互(hu)交往超出毗鄰地區而成為(wei)(wei)各民族(zu)(zu)日常生(sheng)活中(zhong)不(bu)可(ke)(ke)或缺的(de)(de)(de)因(yin)(yin)素(su)時(shi)，便(bian)具備了產生(sheng)派生(sheng)型(xing)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)(de)條件(jian);落后的(de)(de)(de)民族(zu)(zu)被先進的(de)(de)(de)民族(zu)(zu)所(suo)征服，或者(zhe)當一個民族(zu)(zu)處在(zai)歷(li)史(shi)轉折點時(shi)，便(bian)形(xing)(xing)成了超越發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)型(xing)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。(3)以憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)歷(li)史(shi)階(jie)段(duan)為(wei)(wei)標準，可(ke)(ke)分(fen)(fen)為(wei)(wei)近代(dai)(dai)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)與現代(dai)(dai)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)。近代(dai)(dai)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)以人(ren)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)主(zhu)義(yi)、自然法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)學說、權利本(ben)位為(wei)(wei)核(he)心(xin)理念，它是伴隨著資(zi)產階(jie)級革(ge)命而發(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)(zhan)起來的(de)(de)(de);現代(dai)(dai)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)形(xing)(xing)成于20世(shi)紀(ji)初，它強調(diao)國(guo)(guo)家(jia)、社(she)會(hui)在(zai)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)文(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)(wen)化(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)(hua)中(zhong)的(de)(de)(de)地位與作用，強調(diao)以社(she)會(hui)為(wei)(wei)本(ben)位、國(guo)(guo)家(jia)干預(yu)、社(she)會(hui)福(fu)利等核(he)心(xin)理念。

　　論述題

　　試論在我(wo)國加強憲法(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)研究，促進憲法(fa)(fa)文(wen)化(hua)發展的(de)主要途徑(jing)。

　　答：加(jia)強憲法文化(hua)研究、促進憲法文化(hua)發展(zhan)的主要途徑有：

　　1. 加強憲(xian)(xian)法文化研(yan)究(jiu)，傳播和普及憲(xian)(xian)政(zheng)的基本理念(nian)(nian)。憲(xian)(xian)政(zheng)基本理念(nian)(nian)亦(yi)即(ji)憲(xian)(xian)政(zheng)精神，它是區分民主(zhu)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)****政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)、法治(zhi)(zhi)與(yu)人治(zhi)(zhi)的基本標(biao)志，包括憲(xian)(xian)法至上、政(zheng)府守(shou)法、違憲(xian)(xian)審(shen)查(cha)、保障(zhang)****等方(fang)面。具體而言：

　　(1)憲(xian)(xian)法至上(shang)是憲(xian)(xian)政最重(zhong)要的追求和標志，它是指在(zai)國家(jia)和社會(hui)管理過(guo)程中，憲(xian)(xian)法的地位和作用至高無上(shang)。這意味著憲(xian)(xian)法對所規定的權(quan)(quan)利、正義、平等、自由(you)的保護及(ji)對權(quan)(quan)力的限制原則不可動搖，憲(xian)(xian)法具有(you)的權(quan)(quan)威。要加強憲(xian)(xian)法文化建設，就必須首先在(zai)公民(min)心目中樹立(li)起(qi)憲(xian)(xian)法至上(shang)的觀(guan)念(nian)。

　　(2)政府(fu)守(shou)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)指國(guo)家(jia)機關的(de)(de)一切權(quan)力(li)根源(yuan)于法(fa)(fa)律，而且要(yao)依(yi)法(fa)(fa)行使(shi)。如(ru)果政府(fu)違法(fa)(fa)，超越自己的(de)(de)職權(quan)范圍，必(bi)將誘發(fa)全社(she)會(hui)(hui)違法(fa)(fa)行為的(de)(de)泛濫，就會(hui)(hui)出現“政府(fu)無法(fa)(fa)治”、“法(fa)(fa)治只治民不治吏”的(de)(de)局面，其后果首先是(shi)公(gong)民權(quan)利(li)受到(dao)侵害。

　　(3)要保(bao)(bao)障憲(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的充分實施，就必須對違(wei)(wei)憲(xian)(xian)行為進行處理(li)，因此違(wei)(wei)憲(xian)(xian)審查是(shi)憲(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)實施最(zui)重要的形式。違(wei)(wei)憲(xian)(xian)審查作(zuo)為憲(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)保(bao)(bao)障機制的重要內(nei)容，使憲(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)也如民法(fa)(fa)(fa)、刑法(fa)(fa)(fa)一(yi)樣(yang)具有(you)可操(cao)作(zuo)性(xing)。它通(tong)過確定與憲(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)相抵觸或與其(qi)精神相違(wei)(wei)背的法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)無效(xiao)，從而保(bao)(bao)證普(pu)通(tong)法(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)規范與憲(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的一(yi)致性(xing)，使憲(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)的權威得(de)到制度上的保(bao)(bao)證。

　　(4)****是憲(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)的(de)目的(de)。憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)至上確(que)保****的(de)不可(ke)侵犯(fan)性，政(zheng)府守(shou)法(fa)將權力對權利的(de)侵犯(fan)降到(dao)最低限(xian)度(du)，違憲(xian)(xian)(xian)審查則使****侵犯(fan)能得到(dao)及時合理的(de)救濟，從而最終實現保障****的(de)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)目的(de)。

　　2. 培(pei)(pei)養(yang)全(quan)民族的憲政(zheng)(zheng)精神(shen)，加強(qiang)憲政(zheng)(zheng)制度建(jian)設。憲政(zheng)(zheng)精神(shen)是(shi)(shi)一個民族尊(zun)重憲法、實施民主(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)治(zhi)的風氣(qi)和(he)習慣。憲政(zheng)(zheng)精神(shen)的建(jian)立是(shi)(shi)一個長期(qi)形成和(he)培(pei)(pei)養(yang)的過程。鑄造全(quan)民族的憲政(zheng)(zheng)精神(shen)是(shi)(shi)憲法文化發展的重要途徑。

　　(1) 要(yao)長期進行憲(xian)法宣傳(chuan)教育，使公(gong)民形(xing)成遵守憲(xian)法和(he)尊(zun)重憲(xian)法的(de)觀念，尤其是(shi)各級國家(jia)機關領導人(ren)應帶頭遵守憲(xian)法。因此，可以通過(guo)建立必(bi)要(yao)的(de)制度(du)和(he)開展(zhan)一(yi)定形(xing)式(shi)的(de)活(huo)動(dong)來(lai)保證宣傳(chuan)憲(xian)法，如(ru)建立憲(xian)法節制度(du);建立國家(jia)公(gong)職(zhi)人(ren)員效忠(zhong)憲(xian)法和(he)國家(jia)的(de)就職(zhi)宣誓制度(du);把憲(xian)法模型放置在重要(yao)場(chang)所，使公(gong)民能經常看到(dao);開辦本國憲(xian)政運動(dong)歷(li)史博物館等多種形(xing)式(shi)。

　　(2)為保證憲法(fa)(fa)(fa)的權(quan)威性(xing)，應(ying)(ying)對憲法(fa)(fa)(fa)中過時(shi)(shi)的內容進行(xing)及(ji)時(shi)(shi)修改或者通過其他方(fang)式(shi)進行(xing)變(bian)更。憲法(fa)(fa)(fa)應(ying)(ying)當具(ju)有綱領性(xing)，應(ying)(ying)對未來的發展起到前瞻性(xing)作用。當社會轉型時(shi)(shi)期(qi)的憲法(fa)(fa)(fa)落后于現實時(shi)(shi)，應(ying)(ying)當及(ji)時(shi)(shi)修改，以(yi)保證憲法(fa)(fa)(fa)的權(quan)威性(xing)。