答：****是(shi)指作為一個(ge)(ge)人應該享有(you)的(de)(de)權(quan)(quan)利，是(shi)一個(ge)(ge)人在社會中應該享有(you)的(de)(de)政(zheng)治、經濟和文化(hua)等各(ge)項權(quan)(quan)利的(de)(de)總稱。****具(ju)有(you)三種形態，即應有(you)****、法(fa)定****和實(shi)(shi)有(you)****。對(dui)公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)權(quan)(quan)利的(de)(de)確(que)認和保護是(shi)每一個(ge)(ge)國(guo)家憲法(fa)的(de)(de)重要組成部分，憲法(fa)發展和完善的(de)(de)過程，也是(shi)對(dui)公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)基本權(quan)(quan)利選擇范(fan)圍不(bu)斷擴大、層次(ci)不(bu)斷加深的(de)(de)過程。由于憲政(zheng)是(shi)動(dong)態的(de)(de)憲法(fa)，因(yin)此，憲政(zheng)是(shi)發展****的(de)(de)手段，沒有(you)憲政(zheng)實(shi)(shi)踐，****的(de)(de)保障就只(zhi)能停留于憲法(fa)條文的(de)(de)靜態之中，而(er)不(bu)可能表現在公(gong)(gong)民(min)(min)的(de)(de)實(shi)(shi)際享有(you)之中。如(ru)果說憲法(fa)是(shi)應有(you)****向(xiang)法(fa)定****轉化(hua)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵，那么憲政(zheng)就是(shi)法(fa)定****向(xiang)實(shi)(shi)有(you)****轉化(hua)的(de)(de)關(guan)鍵。

　　2.簡(jian)述憲(xian)政與法治(zhi)的關系。

　　答：法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)意味(wei)著(zhu)嚴格依照法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)治(zhi)(zhi)理國家(jia)的(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)張、制度(du)體系和(he)運行(xing)狀態。它包(bao)含一個(ge)國家(jia)以憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)為基礎的(de)(de)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)和(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)制度(du)由(you)靜態到動(dong)態的(de)(de)運行(xing)過程。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)強調國家(jia)受憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)的(de)(de)限制，政(zheng)府權力(li)(li)(li)來源于憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)的(de)(de)授權，依憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)指示的(de)(de)軌道有效地(di)運行(xing)。法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)集中表現是法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)至(zhi)上、憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)至(zhi)上。依法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)國，首(shou)先是依憲(xian)(xian)(xian)治(zhi)(zhi)國，即運用憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)民主(zhu)原則和(he)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)精神來治(zhi)(zhi)理國家(jia)。離開了憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和(he)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)就失去了基本(ben)(ben)的(de)(de)依托，喪(sang)失了生命和(he)活(huo)力(li)(li)(li)，權力(li)(li)(li)也(ye)就不會服從于法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律(lv)。因此，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)是法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)的(de)(de)基本(ben)(ben)標志，法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)治(zhi)(zhi)是憲(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)的(de)(de)必然結(jie)果。

　　3.簡述(shu)有(you)限(xian)政府(fu)與憲政的關系。

　　答：建立有(you)(you)(you)限政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)是(shi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)精(jing)(jing)神(shen)。眾所周(zhou)知，國(guo)家權力(li)(li)(li)與公(gong)民(min)(min)權利的(de)(de)(de)(de)關系是(shi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)內容。現代政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治制度之(zhi)所以要以憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)為(wei)基礎，就是(shi)想通過(guo)制定(ding)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)的(de)(de)(de)(de)形式為(wei)國(guo)家權力(li)(li)(li)設定(ding)根(gen)本(ben)的(de)(de)(de)(de)規則(ze)——提供合法(fa)性來源(yuan)，規定(ding)權力(li)(li)(li)行使(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)根(gen)據、標準和程(cheng)序，明確其界(jie)限和責任。按照憲(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)主義的(de)(de)(de)(de)基本(ben)要求，一(yi)切(qie)國(guo)家權力(li)(li)(li)都必(bi)須(xu)根(gen)植于(yu)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)當中，概言之(zhi)，即(ji)必(bi)須(xu)建立有(you)(you)(you)限政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)，也就是(shi)說(shuo)建立有(you)(you)(you)限政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)府(fu)(fu)是(shi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)首要精(jing)(jing)神(shen)。這一(yi)精(jing)(jing)神(shen)具體表現為(wei)兩項(xiang)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)原則(ze)：一(yi)是(shi)國(guo)家權力(li)(li)(li)是(shi)人民(min)(min)通過(guo)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)授(shou)予的(de)(de)(de)(de)，不(bu)得(de)行使(shi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)沒有(you)(you)(you)授(shou)予和禁止行使(shi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)權力(li)(li)(li);二是(shi)國(guo)家權力(li)(li)(li)不(bu)得(de)侵犯憲(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)所規定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)公(gong)民(min)(min)權利，而(er)且有(you)(you)(you)義務保障公(gong)民(min)(min)權利的(de)(de)(de)(de)實現。

　　論述題

　　1.試論(lun)憲政與憲法的聯系(xi)與區別。

　　答：從(cong)英文詞(ci)源(yuan)上看，憲(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)(constitutionalism)與憲(xian)法(constitution or constitutional law)有不解之緣。《布(bu)萊克(ke)維爾政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治學(xue)百科全書》即將憲(xian)法、憲(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)作為同一詞(ci)目詮釋而(er)并未將其(qi)明確(que)區分。從(cong)歷史淵源(yuan)看，亞(ya)里士多(duo)德(de)在(zai)其(qi)《政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治學(xue)》一書中(zhong)也曾交替運用憲(xian)法、憲(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)、政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)體等詞(ci)語(yu)。在(zai)他那里，憲(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)與憲(xian)法的含義(yi)并無二(er)致。但到(dao)了近(jin)代以后，憲(xian)法與憲(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的含義(yi)在(zai)有聯系的同時，也有很大不同。

　　(1)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)與憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)存(cun)在非常密(mi)切的(de)(de)(de)聯系(xi)。①從邏(luo)輯上(shang)看，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)以憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)為起(qi)點，沒有憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)便談不上(shang)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，而離開了(le)(le)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)則成了(le)(le)一紙空文;②從內容上(shang)看，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)內容直接決定憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)內容，立憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)就(jiu)是(shi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de)，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)產生、存(cun)在、發(fa)展(zhan)和(he)(he)變(bian)化(hua)都(dou)必(bi)須(xu)服從于(yu)使紙上(shang)的(de)(de)(de)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)成為現實憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)目(mu)的(de)(de)(de);③從價值取(qu)向上(shang)看，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)和(he)(he)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)都(dou)是(shi)商品經濟(ji)普遍化(hua)發(fa)展(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)產物，都(dou)是(shi)民主(zhu)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)治建(jian)設和(he)(he)法(fa)(fa)治國家建(jian)設的(de)(de)(de)重要表現，都(dou)以限制國家權力(li)、保障公民權利為根本精神(shen)和(he)(he)價值取(qu)向。因此可(ke)以說，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)是(shi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)前提，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)則是(shi)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)生命。憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)指(zhi)導憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)實踐，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)實踐完善憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)。憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)與憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)(zheng)(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)關系(xi)是(shi)理論與實踐的(de)(de)(de)辯證關系(xi)。

　　(2)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)與憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)在具(ju)(ju)體(ti)含義、表(biao)現(xian)形式、內容(rong)范(fan)圍(wei)和價值取(qu)向(xiang)上又存在區別：①從(cong)外(wai)在狀(zhuang)(zhuang)態的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)來看，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)通常是(shi)(shi)指憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)典(dian)，或者指憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)性法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律，因而一(yi)般是(shi)(shi)指靜態的(de)(de)(de)文書形式;憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)則是(shi)(shi)指立(li)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)實(shi)際運行，即動態的(de)(de)(de)立(li)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)治(zhi)。②從(cong)內容(rong)范(fan)圍(wei)的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)來看，憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)是(shi)(shi)規(gui)(gui)定國(guo)家組織、活動的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)，但(dan)(dan)一(yi)國(guo)在具(ju)(ju)體(ti)政(zheng)治(zhi)實(shi)踐中所(suo)遵循的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)，并(bing)不(bu)限于憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)定。諸如憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)慣例、憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)判例等憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)典(dian)以外(wai)的(de)(de)(de)規(gui)(gui)范(fan)，由于是(shi)(shi)在政(zheng)治(zhi)實(shi)踐中產(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)，是(shi)(shi)動態政(zheng)治(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)產(chan)物(wu)，因而都屬于憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)的(de)(de)(de)范(fan)圍(wei)。③從(cong)價值取(qu)向(xiang)的(de)(de)(de)角度(du)看，有憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)并(bing)不(bu)意味著(zhu)有民主(zhu)，但(dan)(dan)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)則必須貫徹(che)民主(zhu)精神。如果不(bu)以人(ren)民主(zhu)權為主(zhu)導(dao)，從(cong)而將憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)和憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)性法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)律全面真實(shi)地貫徹(che)于具(ju)(ju)體(ti)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)實(shi)踐，那么(me)，這樣(yang)的(de)(de)(de)政(zheng)治(zhi)狀(zhuang)(zhuang)況絕不(bu)是(shi)(shi)民主(zhu)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)。因此，雖然(ran)憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)法(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)與憲(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)政(zheng)在根本精神和價值取(qu)向(xiang)上可能相一(yi)致，但(dan)(dan)也有可能相抵觸。

　　2.試述憲(xian)(xian)法的實施與(yu)憲(xian)(xian)政的關系。

　　答：憲法的實施是建立憲政的基本途徑。“徒法不足以自行”。即使有一部好的憲法，但如果得不到充分實施，也將是一紙空文。可以說，憲法實施的過程就是憲政建設的過程。如果在政治實踐中，憲法得到很好的實施和嚴格的遵守，各種社會關系特別是基本社會關系，如國家權力、公民權利以及兩者之間的關系得到憲法有效的規范和調整，那么憲法和憲政共同的政治價值目標——發展****和保障****就能得以實現。這樣，不僅憲法得到了很好的實施，而且憲政也得到了很好的建設。因此，建設憲政的基本途徑就在于使一個好的憲法得以充分實施，使其充分發揮根本法的作用，成為具有穩定性、連續性和權威性的社會基本行為準則。