在競爭日益激烈(lie)的(de)(de)市場環境下(xia)，施工企(qi)業為了生存(cun)和發展，就(jiu)必須編(bian)制一份具有競爭力的(de)(de)投標書。投標書的(de)(de)編(bian)制分兩個部分，一是技術部分，主要是指施工組織設計；二是商(shang)務部分，主要是投標報價(jia)，即工程造(zao)價(jia)。
只有施(shi)工(gong)方案(an)先(xian)進科學、投(tou)標報(bao)價(jia)合理的(de)投(tou)標書，才具有競爭(zheng)力。在這種情況下，施(shi)工(gong)企業應重視(shi)施(shi)工(gong)組織設(she)(she)計對工(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)影響，為了中標，承攬更多的(de)施(shi)工(gong)任務(wu)，需不斷研究優化施(shi)工(gong)組織設(she)(she)計、合理確定工(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)具體措施(shi)。以便充分利(li)用(yong)企業現有的(de)人力、物力和財力，爭(zheng)取的(de)經濟效益。
1、施工組織設計與(yu)工程造價
施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設計(ji)是(shi)指(zhi)導工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)投標、簽訂承包合(he)同、施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)準(zhun)備和(he)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)全過程(cheng)(cheng)的(de)技(ji)(ji)術經(jing)濟文(wen)件。施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設計(ji)作為項目(mu)管(guan)理的(de)規劃性文(wen)件，提(ti)(ti)出工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中進度控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、質(zhi)量控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、成本控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、安全控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)、現場管(guan)理、各項生產要素管(guan)理的(de)目(mu)標及技(ji)(ji)術組(zu)織(zhi)措施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)。它既解決施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)(ji)術問(wen)題、指(zhi)導施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)全過程(cheng)(cheng)，同時又要考慮到經(jing)濟效(xiao)果。它不斷在施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理中發(fa)揮作用，而且在經(jing)營(ying)管(guan)理和(he)提(ti)(ti)高經(jing)濟效(xiao)益上(shang)發(fa)揮著作用。每一項施(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設計(ji)，都(dou)是(shi)保(bao)證工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)順利進行、確保(bao)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)質(zhi)量、有效(xiao)地(di)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)造價的(de)重(zhong)要工(gong)(gong)(gong)具。
工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)，即建(jian)筑安(an)裝工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)價(jia)格，從工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)承包(bao)的(de)(de)(de)角(jiao)度出發(fa)，是指工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)承包(bao)單位、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)企業(ye)按照承包(bao)合同約定，完成施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)任務(wu)，業(ye)主應當付給(gei)的(de)(de)(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)款即建(jian)筑安(an)裝工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)價(jia)款。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)的(de)(de)(de)確定，是以(yi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織設計(ji)為依據，并(bing)綜合考慮(lv)企業(ye)現有的(de)(de)(de)人力資(zi)源、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)設備(bei)的(de)(de)(de)配(pei)備(bei)情(qing)況(kuang)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)任務(wu)的(de)(de)(de)飽滿情(qing)況(kuang)等諸(zhu)多因(yin)素。合理地確定工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)，有效地控制(zhi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)投資(zi)，盡(jin)量做到少投入、多產出，使有限的(de)(de)(de)資(zi)源得到合理的(de)(de)(de)運用，以(yi)盡(jin)量少的(de)(de)(de)勞動消耗取(qu)得較(jiao)高的(de)(de)(de)經濟效益(yi)。
2、施工組織設計(ji)與(yu)工程造價相互確定的關系
施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)設計與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)同(tong)等重要，但二者(zhe)(zhe)并非相(xiang)互獨立的(de)，二者(zhe)(zhe)是密切聯系，相(xiang)互確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)的(de)關(guan)系。工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是由施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)設計確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)高(gao)低除(chu)了與(yu)(yu)預算知識有關(guan)外(wai)(wai)，其實(shi)很大程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)度(du)上取決于施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)(an)的(de)先進(jin)與(yu)(yu)否，不同(tong)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)(an)所反映的(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)格是不一(yi)樣的(de)。只有根據合(he)理的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)(an)和施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)，才能做出正確(que)(que)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)單價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)的(de)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)才合(he)理。而工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)合(he)理確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)同(tong)樣影響著施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)(an)的(de)優(you)化(hua)。要做出一(yi)個合(he)理的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)(an)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技(ji)術(shu)人員還(huan)必(bi)須借助(zhu)于工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)概預算知識，如在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)布置(zhi)、設計合(he)理而施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)(an)不同(tong)的(de)情況下(xia)，除(chu)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)(an)本身(shen)的(de)優(you)劣外(wai)(wai)，工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)計算準確(que)(que)與(yu)(yu)否將(jiang)直接影響施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)(an)(an)(an)的(de)優(you)選。筆者(zhe)(zhe)試就工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)預算中基礎單價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)與(yu)(yu)部分工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)單價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)，來探討施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組織(zhi)設計與(yu)(yu)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)(cheng)(cheng)造(zao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)之間相(xiang)互確(que)(que)定(ding)(ding)的(de)關(guan)系。
2.1、基礎單(dan)價
2.1.1、材料(liao)預算單價(jia)
材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)費一(yi)般占建(jian)安投資的(de)(de)60%左右(you)。水利(li)水電工(gong)程的(de)(de)外購材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)如能選擇合理的(de)(de)采購方案(an)，將對保證施工(gong)進度(du)、降(jiang)低(di)工(gong)程成本(ben)起到積極的(de)(de)作用。材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)采購方案(an)與運(yun)輸方式的(de)(de)選擇，必須以(yi)滿(man)足施工(gong)強度(du)和(he)有利(li)于降(jiang)低(di)成本(ben)為原則，由施工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設計(ji)(ji)分析比較確定(ding)。當材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)采購方案(an)一(yi)經確定(ding)，施工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設計(ji)(ji)需進一(yi)步(bu)規劃材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)倉(cang)庫的(de)(de)布置(zhi)。材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)倉(cang)庫的(de)(de)布置(zhi)以(yi)減(jian)少材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)場(chang)內運(yun)輸、減(jian)少材(cai)料(liao)(liao)(liao)場(chang)內二次轉運(yun)，方便(bian)運(yun)輸為原則。
2.1.2、風、水、電預算(suan)單價
在(zai)充(chong)分理(li)解招標文件、仔細(xi)勘察現(xian)場后(hou)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術人員(yuan)對工(gong)(gong)程的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)總布(bu)置(zhi)就有了一個整體的(de)規劃(hua)，施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)用電(dian)、水(shui)(shui)、風(feng)系統的(de)整體布(bu)置(zhi)就相應地確定(ding)下來。業主提(ti)供(gong)(gong)的(de)高(gao)壓(ya)電(dian)網接線(xian)點(dian)(dian)(dian)至現(xian)場各施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)點(dian)(dian)(dian)最后(hou)一級(ji)接線(xian)點(dian)(dian)(dian)之(zhi)間的(de)電(dian)路(lu)布(bu)置(zhi)，確定(ding)了施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)用電(dian)的(de)預算(suan)單(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)用水(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格的(de)基(ji)本(ben)部分是基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)。基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)水(shui)(shui)價(jia)(jia)(jia)是根(gen)據施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)組織設計所(suo)確定(ding)的(de)高(gao)峰用水(shui)(shui)量所(suo)配備的(de)供(gong)(gong)水(shui)(shui)系統設備，按臺班產量分析計算(suan)的(de)單(dan)(dan)位水(shui)(shui)量的(de)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格。此(ci)價(jia)(jia)(jia)格與生(sheng)產用水(shui)(shui)工(gong)(gong)藝(yi)要求及施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)布(bu)置(zhi)有關(guan)，如揚程高(gao)、水(shui)(shui)質需(xu)做(zuo)沉淀處(chu)理(li)等方(fang)案(an)措施(shi)(shi)有關(guan)。施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)用風(feng)可用固(gu)定(ding)式(shi)空(kong)壓(ya)機(ji)或移(yi)動式(shi)空(kong)壓(ya)機(ji)供(gong)(gong)給。根(gen)據預算(suan)單(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)比較，前(qian)者單(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)低，后(hou)者單(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)高(gao)。但前(qian)者具有供(gong)(gong)風(feng)量大、可靠性高(gao)、成本(ben)低、易(yi)適應負荷變化的(de)特(te)點(dian)(dian)(dian)；后(hou)者具有機(ji)動靈活、管路(lu)短、損耗小、臨建(jian)設施(shi)(shi)簡單(dan)(dan)的(de)特(te)點(dian)(dian)(dian)。此(ci)時(shi)報(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)人員(yuan)可建(jian)議施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)技術人員(yuan)在(zai)保(bao)證風(feng)壓(ya)和(he)風(feng)量的(de)前(qian)提(ti)下可采用由多臺固(gu)定(ding)式(shi)空(kong)壓(ya)機(ji)組成的(de)風(feng)廠為(wei)主，適量的(de)移(yi)動式(shi)空(kong)壓(ya)機(ji)為(wei)輔的(de)集(ji)中供(gong)(gong)風(feng)方(fang)式(shi)。由此(ci)可以看出，在(zai)確定(ding)基(ji)礎(chu)(chu)(chu)單(dan)(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)時(shi)，報(bao)價(jia)(jia)(jia)人員(yuan)與技術人員(yuan)需(xu)密切配合、不斷溝通(tong)、及時(shi)交流、相互反饋(kui)信息。既有利于(yu)方(fang)案(an)的(de)優化，又(you)有利于(yu)降低工(gong)(gong)程造價(jia)(jia)(jia)。
2.1.3、砂(sha)石料單(dan)價
水利水電工(gong)程砂石料(liao)(liao)單(dan)價(jia)的(de)(de)高(gao)低(di)，對(dui)工(gong)程造價(jia)有著較(jiao)大(da)影響，因此(ci)單(dan)價(jia)計(ji)算必須有可靠的(de)(de)地勘、試驗資料(liao)(liao)。施工(gong)組(zu)織(zhi)設計(ji)中對(dui)料(liao)(liao)場的(de)(de)規劃、工(gong)藝流程的(de)(de)確定、加工(gong)系統的(de)(de)布置一定要合理、科(ke)學和先(xian)進(jin)。
2.2、工程單價(jia)
水(shui)利水(shui)電概預算(suan)定(ding)額與(yu)施工(gong)(gong)組織設(she)計(ji)是(shi)相(xiang)(xiang)互配(pei)套(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，對于同(tong)(tong)一單(dan)項工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)，如果采用不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)法，在(zai)概預算(suan)定(ding)額中就(jiu)會有不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)、材、機(ji)消耗與(yu)之(zhi)呼應(ying)從而得(de)出相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)項目單(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)。以(yi)土(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)為例(li)，根據(ju)施工(gong)(gong)組織設(she)計(ji)，選定(ding)土(tu)方(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)方(fang)法及運距，選用土(tu)方(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)機(ji)械(xie)設(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)類型、容(rong)量及相(xiang)(xiang)配(pei)套(tao)(tao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)運輸(shu)機(ji)械(xie)噸(dun)位，這(zhe)些(xie)都確定(ding)后，即可套(tao)(tao)用相(xiang)(xiang)應(ying)的(de)(de)(de)(de)定(ding)額子(zi)目，從而算(suan)出土(tu)方(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，在(zai)《水(shui)利水(shui)電建筑工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預算(suan)定(ding)額》土(tu)方(fang)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)中，不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)容(rong)量挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)機(ji)配(pei)備(bei)(bei)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)噸(dun)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)卸(xie)汽車運輸(shu)，單(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)是(shi)不(bu)(bu)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)，這(zhe)就(jiu)需要(yao)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)預算(suan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關計(ji)算(suan)要(yao)看施工(gong)(gong)組織設(she)計(ji)提(ti)供相(xiang)(xiang)關數據(ju)確定(ding)哪種方(fang)案(an)比較(jiao)(jiao)經濟(ji)合(he)理，再(zai)結合(he)施工(gong)(gong)企業機(ji)械(xie)設(she)備(bei)(bei)裝備(bei)(bei)情況，以(yi)提(ti)高(gao)機(ji)械(xie)的(de)(de)(de)(de)效(xiao)率為目的(de)(de)(de)(de)選定(ding)的(de)(de)(de)(de)土(tu)方(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)案(an)。現(xian)以(yi)國(guo)內某一工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)壩基土(tu)方(fang)開(kai)挖(wa)為例(li)，分(fen)析比較(jiao)(jiao)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)施工(gong)(gong)方(fang)法，產生不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)，分(fen)析可知(zhi)相(xiang)(xiang)同(tong)(tong)容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)機(ji)配(pei)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)噸(dun)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)卸(xie)汽車運土(tu)，噸(dun)位大的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)卸(xie)汽車土(tu)方(fang)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)高(gao)；同(tong)(tong)樣噸(dun)位的(de)(de)(de)(de)自(zi)卸(xie)汽車配(pei)不(bu)(bu)同(tong)(tong)容(rong)量的(de)(de)(de)(de)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)機(ji)運土(tu)，容(rong)量大的(de)(de)(de)(de)挖(wa)掘(jue)(jue)機(ji)土(tu)方(fang)單(dan)價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)低，這(zhe)涉(she)及到一個機(ji)械(xie)設(she)備(bei)(bei)是(shi)否配(pei)套(tao)(tao)、機(ji)械(xie)效(xiao)率高(gao)低的(de)(de)(de)(de)問(wen)題。施工(gong)(gong)組織設(she)計(ji)根據(ju)工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)工(gong)(gong)期進度(du)、施工(gong)(gong)條件(jian)來(lai)配(pei)備(bei)(bei)施工(gong)(gong)機(ji)械(xie)，工(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)(jia)(jia)的(de)(de)(de)(de)相(xiang)(xiang)關計(ji)算(suan)又為優(you)化施工(gong)(gong)組織設(she)計(ji)提(ti)供可靠依據(ju)。
3、優化施工組織設計對(dui)合理確定工程造價的意(yi)義
（1）保(bao)證施工組織設計(ji)的(de)編制質量是合理確定工程造價的(de)關鍵(jian)
施(shi)工組織(zhi)設計編制質量的(de)(de)好(hao)壞(huai)是合理確(que)定(ding)工程(cheng)造(zao)價的(de)(de)關鍵(jian)，加強設計的(de)(de)編制質量對確(que)定(ding)工程(cheng)造(zao)價有很重要的(de)(de)作用。由于設計工作做得不夠(gou)深入(ru)，對工程(cheng)造(zao)價的(de)(de)確(que)定(ding)帶(dai)來很大的(de)(de)麻煩(fan)，同(tong)時也為合同(tong)的(de)(de)正常執行(xing)帶(dai)來困(kun)難(nan)。因此，在施(shi)工組織(zhi)設計的(de)(de)編制過程(cheng)中，施(shi)工方(fang)案的(de)(de)選定(ding)不能簡單地用行(xing)政命令的(de)(de)手段(duan)決定(ding)，而應當依靠集體的(de)(de)智慧，進行(xing)認真的(de)(de)比較(jiao)，從(cong)技術經濟兩個方(fang)面綜合評(ping)定(ding)。
（2）優化施工組織設計是(shi)控制工程造價的基(ji)礎
施工方(fang)(fang)案(an)的設計是施工組織設計的中心環節，工程造價能否得到控制，首先(xian)取決于方(fang)(fang)案(an)是否優良。在設計過(guo)程中，應對各種(zhong)方(fang)(fang)案(an)進(jin)行(xing)比(bi)較，在充分論(lun)證(zheng)的基礎上，從中選擇(ze)的設計方(fang)(fang)案(an)。有(you)時也(ye)可以博采眾長(chang)，形成新(xin)的、更(geng)完(wan)善的方(fang)(fang)案(an)。
（3）采用(yong)新技術、新工(gong)藝是降低工(gong)程造價的(de)主要手段
在施(shi)工組織設(she)計中應(ying)用(yong)新(xin)技術、新(xin)材料、新(xin)工藝(yi)、新(xin)設(she)備(bei)(bei)，既可以(yi)提(ti)高生(sheng)產(chan)力(li)(li)，又可以(yi)降(jiang)低(di)工程(cheng)造價。比如：碾(nian)壓混(hun)凝(ning)土筑壩，大體積混(hun)凝(ning)土通(tong)倉澆筑及用(yong)土工布、土工膜代替土石壩反濾料等(deng)新(xin)技術、新(xin)材料、新(xin)工藝(yi)，即可加快施(shi)工進度，節省材料消耗，減少設(she)備(bei)(bei)數量，又可降(jiang)低(di)工程(cheng)造價。在設(she)計中，應(ying)大力(li)(li)應(ying)用(yong)先進的技術和設(she)備(bei)(bei)，為降(jiang)低(di)成本提(ti)供(gong)主要手(shou)段。
4、優化(hua)施工組(zu)織(zhi)設(she)計、合理確定工程造價(jia)的具(ju)體措施
優(you)化施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設計(ji)、合理(li)確定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)歸根結(jie)底是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)管(guan)理(li)的范(fan)疇，是經濟與(yu)技(ji)術統(tong)一的管(guan)理(li)過(guo)程(cheng)。搞好施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設計(ji)是工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)的一項重要內容，周密組(zu)織施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方案(an)優(you)化、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)期總進(jin)度計(ji)劃安排、機(ji)械設備效率的提高(gao)、施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)管(guan)理(li)水(shui)平的提高(gao)從(cong)而使工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)建設成本(ben)降低(di)，所(suo)有(you)這些都可以通過(guo)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設計(ji)得以實現。具體的優(you)化施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)組(zu)織設計(ji)、合理(li)確定(ding)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程(cheng)造價(jia)(jia)的措施(shi)(shi)有(you)：
（1）掌握準(zhun)確的基礎資料，熟(shu)悉定額涵蓋的內容。
（2）要認真研究圖紙及各種技術資料，對工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)每一部位都做到(dao)心(xin)中有數，在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案(an)的(de)確定時(shi)，應先比較(jiao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案(an)的(de)經(jing)濟(ji)合(he)理性，盡(jin)量選用(yong)較(jiao)經(jing)濟(ji)的(de)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)方案(an)，以達(da)到(dao)控制施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)造價的(de)目的(de)。
（3）要(yao)認真(zhen)(zhen)研究工(gong)期、質量、工(gong)藝(yi)三者(zhe)之間的關(guan)系，根(gen)據(ju)企(qi)業(ye)自身的實際情況，依(yi)靠科(ke)技進步，大(da)膽采用新(xin)(xin)工(gong)藝(yi)、新(xin)(xin)設備、新(xin)(xin)材料，要(yao)因地制宜，靠加大(da)企(qi)業(ye)自身的改革力度等措施來保證業(ye)主的工(gong)期和(he)質量，要(yao)真(zhen)(zhen)正(zheng)做(zuo)到少投入、高效益，使施工(gong)組織設計不但在工(gong)期、質量、工(gong)藝(yi)上有一個突破性的進展(zhan)，而且要(yao)為降低(di)工(gong)程造價(jia)做(zuo)出更大(da)的貢獻。
總之，提高造價人員的素質，使其既懂施工技術，又精通預算商務。在國外，作為一名造價工程師，必須具備15年以上的現場施工經驗，對工程做出報價和提出施工案都由造價工程師獨立完成，他們做出報價的理論是實物量法，根據公司的技術能力和自身施工經驗做出各項內容所需費用的報價。目前，我國造價人員還達不到這樣的素質，相信通過不斷的努力和學習，我國造價人員的素質會得到不斷的提高。最后，建議廣大從事工程造價的工作者，能深入到生產第一線中去，借鑒國外先進的報價知識，為我國的造價事業做出貢獻。
