A、痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的一般(ban)檢查主(zhu)要(yao)是觀察痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)的量、色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)和氣(qi)味。正常人一般(ban)無(wu)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)，或(huo)有(you)(you)少(shao)量白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)灰白色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)粘液性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)，無(wu)特殊氣(qi)味。如(ru)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)量增多(duo)，見(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)肺(fei)(fei)內有(you)(you)慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)炎(yan)癥(zheng)或(huo)空(kong)腔(qiang)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)化膿(nong)(nong)(nong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)病(bing)(bing)變，如(ru)支氣(qi)管擴張、肺(fei)(fei)膿(nong)(nong)(nong)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)等。特殊病(bing)(bing)理的痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)液有(you)(you)以下幾(ji)種情況：黃色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)膿(nong)(nong)(nong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)見(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)化膿(nong)(nong)(nong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)支氣(qi)管炎(yan)、肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)、支氣(qi)管炎(yan)、肺(fei)(fei)膿(nong)(nong)(nong)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)或(huo)棕紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)見(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)肺(fei)(fei)癌(ai)、肺(fei)(fei)結核、支氣(qi)管擴張；鐵銹色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)見(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)細(xi)菌性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)（大(da)(da)葉性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)肺(fei)(fei)炎(yan)）、肺(fei)(fei)梗塞；粉紅(hong)(hong)色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)漿液泡沫性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)見(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)急性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)左心(xin)功能不全(quan)、肺(fei)(fei)水腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)；棕褐色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)見(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)阿米(mi)巴性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)膿(nong)(nong)(nong)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)、慢性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)充血性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)心(xin)臟病(bing)(bing)、肺(fei)(fei)瘀血等；爛桃樣(yang)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)見(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)肺(fei)(fei)吸蟲病(bing)(bing)；灰黑色(se)(se)(se)(se)(se)痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)見(jian)(jian)(jian)于(yu)煤礦工(gong)及(ji)大(da)(da)量吸咽者。肺(fei)(fei)膿(nong)(nong)(nong)腫(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)及(ji)晚期肺(fei)(fei)癌(ai)患者痰(tan)(tan)(tan)(tan)常有(you)(you)惡臭味。
B、顯微鏡(jing)檢(jian)查(cha)正常有少量(liang)白細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)（中性(xing)粒細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)），無紅細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)，有少量(liang)上皮細(xi)胞(bao)(bao)(bao)。
1、白細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞增多(duo)：見(jian)(jian)于各種呼吸道炎癥(zheng)。如有出(chu)血時(shi)可見(jian)(jian)紅細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞，醫|學教育網搜集整理上呼吸道炎癥(zheng)多(duo)見(jian)(jian)口腔(qiang)鱗狀上皮(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞，氣管(guan)、支氣管(guan)炎癥(zheng)多(duo)見(jian)(jian)粘液柱狀上皮(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞，下呼吸道炎癥(zheng)多(duo)見(jian)(jian)纖(xian)維柱上皮(pi)細(xi)(xi)(xi)胞；
2、肺部長(chang)期(qi)瘀血和心功能不全，可見(jian)(jian)衰竭細胞(bao)；煤炭(tan)工人及(ji)(ji)長(chang)期(qi)吸煙者(zhe)(zhe)可見(jian)(jian)載碳細胞(bao)；肺膿(nong)腫(zhong)、肺壞(huai)疽(ju)、肺癌等可見(jian)(jian)彈力纖維；支氣(qi)管(guan)哮喘者(zhe)(zhe)可見(jian)(jian)杜什曼螺旋體；肺吸蟲(chong)病及(ji)(ji)腸(chang)道寄(ji)生蟲(chong)患者(zhe)(zhe)，可見(jian)(jian)有關寄(ji)生蟲(chong)成分；支氣(qi)管(guan)哮喘及(ji)(ji)肺吸蟲(chong)病患者(zhe)(zhe)可見(jian)(jian)夏(xia)科(ke)—雷登結晶。
C、微生物學(xue)檢查直接涂片染色法、培養法無致病(bing)菌(jun)。病(bing)理標(biao)本大多數情況下(xia)只見某一種菌(jun)，檢出肺炎鏈球菌(jun)、葡萄球菌(jun)、肺炎桿菌(jun)較(jiao)有意義。結核桿菌(jun)陽性見于肺結核，肺癌時(shi)可(ke)找(zhao)到有關(guan)癌細(xi)胞。
